Produced Fluid Heating and Separation

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for heating produced fluid from a well, the heating apparatus comprising a produced fluid pathway; a heat generation system comprising a diesel engine, a heated hydraulic fluid pathway, and an engine coolant pathway; and a heat transfer system disposed between the produced fluid pathway and the heat generation system to transfer thermal energy from the heat generation system to a produced fluid contained within the produced fluid pathway.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/473,433, filed Apr. 8, 2011, is hereby claimed, andthe disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method forefficiently and safely heating produced fluids, e.g., comprisinghydrocarbons and water, using a heat transfer system that separates thedirect-heat from an engine from the hydrocarbons in the produced fluid.More particularly, work and heat from the engine is directed into heatexchangers where it heats a heat transfer fluid, that transfers heat toa produced fluid heat exchanger, which heats the produced fluids, e.g.,so that hydrocarbons can be separated from produced water by helpingbreak a hydrocarbon/water emulsion. In a preferred embodiment, theapparatus is a self-contained, portable unit that is able to be movedinto position, operated, and then removed, for example from an offshoreoil platform.

BACKGROUND

Oil and gas wells are drilled into the earth and reach a subterraneanreservoir so that liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons can be recovered fromthe reservoir. Eventually, the gas and liquid hydrocarbons are separatedinto various fractions for use as gasoline, petrochemicals, asphalt,waxes, and the like, at a refinery.

A number of patents disclose the use of a diesel engine to heat achemical solution before injecting the chemical solution into a wellbore and for injecting engine heat into the well bore for improving therecovery of hydrocarbons from the well, e.g., see U.S. Pat. Nos.6,073,695 and 3,833,059.

Produced fluids are water based fluids recovered from a oil or gas well,and are often contaminated with hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons preventdirect disposal of the produced fluids. Therefore, separators are ofteninstalled in attempts to reduce the hydrocarbon content in the producedfluid.

The hydrocarbon content of the produced fluid includes highlycombustible materials, for example, C₆-C₁₀ hydrocarbons, C₁₀-C₂₀hydrocarbons and C₂₀-C₂₈ hydrocarbons.

The apparatus and method described herein are directed toward heatingthe produced fluid after removal from the well. The heating can be onestep in the separation of contaminants, e.g., particulates, orhydrocarbons, from the produced fluid.

SUMMARY

The apparatus and methods described herein improve the on-siteseparation of hydrocarbons from the produced fluids of a well bore byefficiently and safely separating the direct-heat from an engine and thehydrocarbons in the produced fluids while significantly increasing thetemperature of the produced fluids. Energy (heat) from the engine isexchanged with a non-combustible heat transfer fluid that then transfersheat to the produced fluids. In one embodiment, the apparatus operatesat the well site, e.g., an offshore oil platform.

It should be noted that direct heat transfer between the diesel enginegas exhaust and/or water exhaust does not occur in the apparatus andmethods described herein. It has been found that a primary heat transferstep between the diesel engine gas exhaust and/or water exhaust mustoccur with a heat transfer fluid in order to properly control thetemperature of the recovered hydrocarbons in order to avoid hydrocarbonsflashing and potential explosions. The apparatus and methods describedherein utilize only the heat produced by a diesel engine for heating andseparating the recovered hydrocarbons.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a process flow schematic of the embodiment of the presentdisclosure presented in FIGS. 2-11;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4 is an internal view of one embodiment of the present disclosurewherein multiple features have been removed to show internal structure;

FIG. 5 is an internal cross-sectional view of a first end of theembodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 6 is an internal cross-sectional view of a first side of theembodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 7 is an internal cross-sectional view of a second side of theembodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 8 is an internal cross-sectional view of a second end of theembodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 9 is a top-down view (upper piping plan) of one embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 10 is an internal top-down cross-sectional view (intermediatepiping plan) of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9; and

FIG. 11 is an internal top-down cross-sectional view (lower piping plan)of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The apparatus and methods described herein may be understood morereadily by reference to the following detailed description and thefigures provided. It is to be understood that this invention is notlimited to the specific components, articles, processes and/orconditions described, as these may, of course, vary. It is also to beunderstood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescribing particular embodiments only and is not intended to belimiting.

In one embodiment, the apparatus and methods described herein areadaptable for placement and use on an offshore oil platform. Forexample, the apparatus can be sufficiently self-contained such that theapparatus can be transferred from a first location (e.g., a onshorestorage site) to the offshore oil platform. The transfer can be, forexample, by a watercraft or aircraft. Importantly, the apparatusconforms to the safety requirements common on offshore oil platforms,these include but are not limited to no open flame and non-sparking. Inoffshore oil platform use, the method can include those featuresprovided below as well as, transporting the apparatus to the oilplatform, attaching the apparatus to a produced fluid source, attachingthe apparatus to a treated water output conduit, treating as abatch-process the produced fluid from an oil or gas well, or removingthe apparatus from the oil platform.

As described herein, the separation of hydrocarbon contaminants andwater is facilitated by raising the temperature of the hydrocarboncontaminated water. Herein, in one embodiment, is an apparatus, aproduced fluid heating apparatus, for heating the produced fluid from agas or oil well. Produced fluids includes the produced water from thewell. Produced water includes the completion fluids used during thedrilling, workover, and completion of a well. The produced water can beunderstood to include, for example, hydrocarbon contaminated waterreceived directly from the well, water received from a productionfacility, or water received from a storage container. The separation ofthe hydrocarbons from the produced water yields processed water thatcontained a lower hydrocarbon concentration or content.

With reference to FIGS. 1 to 11 various embodiments of the presentdisclosure are herein presented. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation ofthe flow pathways, heat exchangers, pumps, engine, and conduits of thepresent disclosure. FIGS. 2 to 11 are various perspectives andrepresentations of an apparatus that conforms to the present disclosure.Scale and distances are presented in some figures, these are presentedas one embodiment of the present disclosure.

The produced fluid heating apparatus 100 includes a produced fluidpathway 101 through which the produced fluid can flow. The producedfluid pathway includes a produced fluid inlet 102, a produced fluid pump103, a produced fluid pump by-pass 104, at least one (a first) producedfluid heat exchanger 105, and a produced fluid outlet 107. In oneembodiment, the produced fluid pathway includes a plurality of producedfluid heat exchangers, for example the pathway can include a secondproduced fluid heat exchanger 106.

The produced fluid heating apparatus 100 further includes a heatgeneration system 300 that provides the thermal energy for heating theproduced water. The heat generation system 300 can include a dieselengine 301, a heated hydraulic fluid pathway 302, and an engine coolantpathway 303. In one embodiment, the heat generation system 300 includesan engine exhaust pathway 304.

The heated hydraulic fluid pathway 302 provides a recirculating loopthrough which hydraulic fluid can flow. The heated hydraulic fluidpathway 302 can include a hydraulic pump 310, a hydraulic heat deliveryconduit 311, the hydraulic heat exchanger 204, and a hydraulic returnconduit 312. The heat generation system can further include a pluralityof heated hydraulic fluid pathways 302, for example, the system caninclude two heated hydraulic fluid pathways 302. In one embodiment, theheated hydraulic fluid pathway 302 can include a plurality of hydraulicheat exchangers 204. In one embodiment, the hydraulic heat exchanger(s)204 is a plate and frame heat exchanger.

The engine coolant pathway 303 provides a recirculating loop throughwhich engine coolant can flow. The engine coolant pathway 303 caninclude an engine heat delivery conduit 320, an engine coolant heatexchanger 205, and an engine coolant return conduit 321. In oneembodiment, the engine coolant pathway includes a radiator 322. Inanother embodiment, the engine coolant pathway includes a radiatorby-pass 323. Typically, the diesel engine 301 includes a water pump thatprovides the flow for the engine coolant but a water pump external tothe diesel engine 301 can be included. In one embodiment, the enginecoolant heat exchanger 205 is a plate and frame heat exchanger.

The engine exhaust pathway 304 is the flow path through which thecombustion exhaust flows. The engine exhaust pathway 304 can include anengine exhaust conduit 330 and an engine exhaust heat exchanger 206. Inone embodiment, the engine exhaust heat exchanger 206 is a coil typeheat exchanger. In another embodiment, the engine exhaust pathway 304includes a muffler and, optionally, a spark arrestor.

The produced fluid heating apparatus 100 further includes a heattransfer system 200 disposed between the produced fluid pathway 101 andthe heat generation system 300. The heat transfer system 200 cantransfer the thermal energy from the heat generation system 300 to aproduced fluid contained within the produced fluid pathway 101. The heattransfer system 200 can include a heat transfer fluid 201 within aninsulated, closed-loop heat transfer fluid pathway 202. The heattransfer fluid preferably has a boiling point above about 100° C., forexample, the heat transfer fluid can be ethylene glycol, propyleneglycol, polyalkylene glycol, DOWTHERM products (DOW CORNING CORP.Midland, Mich. USA), SYLTHERM products (DOW CORNING CORP. Midland, Mich.USA), PARATHERM products (PARATHERM CORP. West Conshohocken, Pa. USA),mixtures thereof, and mixtures thereof with water. The heat transferfluid pathway 202 provides a recirculating loop through which the heattransfer fluid 201 can flow. The heat transfer fluid pathway 202 caninclude a heat transfer fluid pump 203, at least one (a first) hydraulicheat exchanger 204, an engine coolant heat exchanger 205, and a (first)produced fluid heat exchanger 105.

In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid pathway 202 includes a secondproduced fluid heat exchanger 106. The second produced fluid heatexchanger 106 is disposed between and fluidly connected to, on theproduced fluid pathway 101, the first produced fluid heat exchanger 105and the produced fluid outlet 107. In another embodiment, the flow ofthe heat transfer fluid through the heat transfer fluid pathway 202fluidly connects to the second produced fluid heat exchanger 106 thenthe first produced fluid heat exchanger 105. In one embodiment, theproduced fluid heat exchanger (105 and/or 106) can be a shell and tubeheat exchanger.

In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid pathway 202 includes aplurality of hydraulic heat exchangers 204. For example, a first and asecond hydraulic heat exchanger 204 can be arranged in-line orin-parallel along the heat transfer fluid pathway 202.

In an embodiment that includes the engine exhaust heat exchanger 306,the heat transfer fluid pathway 202 can includes an engine exhaust heatexchanger by-pass 331.

In another embodiment, the apparatus described herein can be used toheat produced water to a temperature sufficient for separation ofcontaminants from the water. Typically, the temperature of the(supplied) produced water can be increased by 20° C. to 60° C., 30° C.to 50° C., 30° C., 35° C., 40° C., 45° C., or 50° C. For example, thetemperature of the produced water can be increased to 40, 45, 50, 55,60, 65, 70, 75, or 80° C.

In one embodiment, a method of separating hydrocarbons from water andproviding processed water that comprises a hydrocarbon content less than50 ppm, 40 ppm, 30 ppm, or 29 ppm includes treating produced water thathas a hydrocarbon content greater than 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250ppm, 300 ppm, or 350 ppm with the produced fluid heating apparatus 100described herein. This method can include providing the produced fluidheating apparatus 100 (e.g., the diesel engine 301, the produced fluidpathway 101, the heated hydraulic fluid pathway 302, the engine coolantpathway, 303, the engine exhaust pathway 304, and the heat transferfluid pathway 202) and produced water that has a hydrocarbon contentgreater than 100 ppm and a temperature less than about 50° C. Thenchanneling the produced water (e.g., from a well bore, a productionfacility, or a storage tank) to the first produced fluid heat exchanger105 and through the produced fluid outlet 107 to a water treatmentapparatus. Herein, channeling means conducting a flow within a pipe orsimilar conduit. The method can further include heating the firstproduced fluid heat exchanger 105 to a temperature in the range of 50°C. to 100° C. with a heat transfer fluid 201; circulating the heattransfer fluid 201 in the heat transfer fluid pathway 202 as describedherein. The method can further include circulating hydraulic fluidthrough the heated hydraulic fluid pathway 302 as described herein. Themethod can further include circulating engine coolant through an enginecoolant pathway 303 as described herein.

In one embodiment, the produced water is supplied at a rate of at least40, 50, 60 70, or 80 gallons per minute.

In an embodiment, the method can include channeling the produced waterfrom the first produced fluid heat exchanger 105 to a second producedfluid heat exchanger 106 then through the produced fluid outlet 107 tothe water treatment apparatus. The second produced fluid heat exchanger106 can be heated to a temperature in the range of 50° C. to 100° C.with the heat transfer fluid 201.

In an embodiment, the heat transfer fluid pathway 302 comprises a secondhydraulic heat exchanger 204. The first and the second hydraulic heatexchangers 204 can be arranged in-line or in-parallel along the heattransfer fluid pathway 202.

In another embodiment, the produced fluid outlet 107 is fluidlyconnected to a water treatment apparatus. The water treatment apparatusis a means for separating hydrocarbons from water. The water treatmentapparatus can be selected from an API oil-water separators, acentrifugal oil-water separator, a weir box, a surge tank, a pressurizedor an atmospheric separator, a filtering vessel, a polishing vessel, orany vessel that will provide sufficient residence time for theseparation of a non-emulsified hydrocarbon/water combination. Herein,the water treatment apparatus can be an apparatus as described in thefollowing co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos.: 7,297,279; 6,749,757; 6,409,924;6,398,966; 6,398,951; 6,358,422; 6,235,201; 5,935,444; 5,922,206;5,670,435; 5,567,318, each incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. In one embodiment, the water treatment apparatus can include aHi-Flow Oil Removal System (AMCOL Int'l), and/or a CRUDESORB system,containing an organophilic clay (CETCO Oilfield Services), as disclosedin one or more of the above referenced U.S. Patents.

In the methods and apparatus described herein, the diesel engine candrive the heat transfer fluid pump, for example, by providing ahydraulic flow by way of a hydraulic pump to the heat transfer fluidpump. The heat transfer fluid pump can be for example, a hydraulicdriven centrifugal pump (ACE PUMP Corp., Memphis Tenn.).

In an embodiment, the heat transfer fluid pathway 202 can include anengine exhaust heat exchanger 206 and a by-pass to the engine exhaustheat exchanger 331. The method can then include conducting engineexhaust through an engine exhaust pathway 304 that includes an engineexhaust conduit 330 and the engine exhaust heat exchanger 206.

The foregoing written description provides examples of structure andfunction representative of the present invention, but not intended tolimit the scope beyond that which is recited in the appending claims.

1. A produced fluid heating apparatus comprising: a produced fluid pathway comprising a produced fluid inlet fluidly connected to a produced fluid pump and to a produced fluid pump by-pass, the produced fluid pump and the produced fluid pump by-pass fluidly connected to a first produced fluid heat exchanger; the first produced fluid heat exchanger fluidly connected to a produced fluid outlet; a heat generation system comprising a diesel engine, a heated hydraulic fluid pathway, and an engine coolant pathway; the heated hydraulic fluid pathway comprising a hydraulic pump fluidly connected to a hydraulic heat delivery conduit; the hydraulic heat delivery conduit fluidly connected to a hydraulic heat exchanger, the hydraulic heat exchanger fluidly connected to a hydraulic return conduit; the engine coolant pathway comprising an engine heat delivery conduit fluidly connected to an engine coolant heat exchanger, the engine coolant heat exchanger fluidly connected to an engine coolant return conduit, the engine coolant return conduit fluidly connected to a radiator and the diesel engine; and a heat transfer system disposed between the produced fluid pathway and the heat generation system to transfer thermal energy from the heat generation system to a produced fluid contained within the produced fluid pathway, the heat transfer system comprising a heat transfer fluid disposed within an insulated, closed-loop heat transfer fluid pathway; the heat transfer fluid pathway comprising a heat transfer fluid pump that provides a heat transfer fluid flow direction, the heat transfer fluid pathway further fluidly connected to at least one hydraulic heat exchanger, an engine coolant heat exchanger, and the first produced fluid heat exchanger.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a second produced fluid heat exchanger; the second produced fluid heat exchanger is disposed between and fluidly connected to the first produced fluid heat exchanger and the produced fluid outlet.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the heat transfer fluid pathway comprises, in the direction of heat transfer fluid flow, the second produced fluid heat exchanger then the first produced fluid heat exchanger.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: an engine exhaust pathway that comprises an engine exhaust conduit fluidly connected to an engine exhaust heat exchanger, the engine exhaust heat exchanger fluidly connected to the heat transfer fluid pathway.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising an engine exhaust heat exchanger by-pass that is fluidly connected to the heat transfer fluid pathway.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the engine exhaust heat exchanger is a coil type heat exchanger.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of hydraulic heat exchangers, each fluidly connected to the heat transfer fluid pathway.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the heat transfer fluid pathway is fluidly connected to the plurality of hydraulic heat exchangers in parallel.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hydraulic heat exchanger is a plate and frame heat exchanger.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the engine coolant heat exchanger is a plate and frame heat exchanger.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the produced fluid heat exchanger is a shell and tube heat exchanger.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the produced fluid outlet is fluidly connected to a water treatment apparatus.
 13. A method of reducing hydrocarbon content in produced water to less than 29 ppm comprising: providing a diesel engine; providing produced water that has a hydrocarbon content greater than 100 ppm and a temperature less than about 50° C.; channeling the produced water to a first produced fluid heat exchanger; heating the first produced fluid heat exchanger to a temperature in the range of 50° C. to 100° C. with a heat transfer fluid; circulating the heat transfer fluid within a heat transfer fluid pathway that includes a heat transfer fluid pump, a first hydraulic heat exchanger, an engine coolant heat exchanger, and the first produced fluid heat exchangers; circulating hydraulic fluid through a heated hydraulic fluid pathway that includes a hydraulic pump, a hydraulic heat delivery conduit, the first hydraulic heat exchanger, and a hydraulic return conduit; circulating engine coolant through an engine coolant pathway that includes the diesel engine, an engine heat delivery conduit, the engine coolant heat exchanger, an engine coolant return conduit, and a radiator to the diesel engine coolant heat exchanger; and channeling the produced water from the first produced fluid heat exchanger to a water treatment apparatus to separate hydrocarbons from the produced water such that processed water has a hydrocarbon content less than 50 ppm.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the produced water is provided at a rate of at least 50 gallons per minute.
 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising channeling the produced water from the first produced fluid heat exchanger to a second produced fluid heat exchanger; channeling the produced water from the second produced fluid heat exchanger to the water treatment apparatus; and heating the second produced fluid heat exchanger to a temperature in the range of 50° C. to 100° C. with a heat transfer fluid.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the heat transfer fluid pathway comprises a second hydraulic heat exchanger.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the heat transfer pathway comprises the first and the second hydraulic heat exchangers in parallel.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the heat transfer fluid pump is driven by a hydraulic flow provided by the diesel engine.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the hydraulic pump is driven by the diesel engine.
 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the heat transfer fluid pathway further includes an engine exhaust heat exchanger and a by-pass to the engine exhaust heat exchanger.
 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising conducting engine exhaust through an engine exhaust pathway that includes an engine exhaust conduit and an engine exhaust heat exchanger for heating the heat transfer fluid with said engine exhaust.
 22. A method of separating hydrocarbons from a water-and-hydrocarbon containing produced fluid emulsion containing more than 29 ppm hydrocarbons comprising: transferring heat from a diesel engine to a heat transfer fluid; flowing the produced fluid emulsion and heated heat transfer fluid through a heat exchanger to transfer heat from said heated heat transfer fluid to said production fluid emulsion, in an amount sufficient to at least partially break the produced fluid emulsion; and flowing the produced fluid to a hydrocarbon/water separator to separate the hydrocarbons from the produced fluid water in an amount sufficient that the remaining produced fluid water contains less than 29 ppm hydrocarbons.
 23. The method of claim 22 further including the step of disposing of the remaining produced fluid, containing less than 29 ppm hydrocarbons, by adding it to ocean water. 